ABSTRACT
Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de percepción de riesgo frente al virus del Covid-19. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 148 estudiantes de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. Se aplicó una escala: Percepción de Riesgo frente al covid-19, el cual se sometió a un análisis estadístico del tipo descriptivo. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los participantes presentan una percepción del riesgo, alta y media, frente a la enfermedad y sus consecuencias, destacándose el temor a la muerte de un familiar o enfermad gravemente. Se concluye que existe una tendencia a percibir el covid-19 como una enfermad que pone en riesgo la vida propia y los demás, sin embargo, se presentan dificultades relacionadas con conductas de protección que reduzcan la probabilidad de contagio.
Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the levels of risk perception of the covid-19 virus. The study was carried out with a sample of 148 psychology students of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. A scale was applied: Risk Perception against covid-19, which was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that most of the participants have a high and medium risk perception of the disease and its consequences, especially the fear of death of a family member or serious illness. It is concluded that there is a tendency to perceive covid-19 as a disease that puts one's own life and the lives of others at risk; however, there are difficulties related to protective behaviors that reduce the probability of contagion.
Resumo O objectivo desta investigação era determinar os níveis de percepção de risco em relação ao vírus covid-19. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de 148 estudantes de psicologia da Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolívia. Foi aplicada uma escala: Percepção do Risco em frente da covid-19, que foi sujeita a uma análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos participantes tem uma percepção de risco elevado e médio da doença e das suas consequências, destacando-se o medo da morte de um membro da família ou de uma doença grave. Conclui-se que existe uma tendência para perceber a covid-19 como uma doença que coloca a própria vida e a vida dos outros em risco; contudo, existem dificuldades relacionadas com comportamentos protectores que reduzem a probabilidade de contágio.
Subject(s)
Students , COVID-19 , Protective FactorsABSTRACT
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de percepción de riesgo frente al virus del Covid-19. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 148 estudiantes de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. Se aplicó una escala: Percepción de Riesgo frente al covid-19, el cual se sometió a un análisis estadístico del tipo descriptivo. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los participantes presentan una percepción del riesgo, alta y media, frente a la enfermedad y sus consecuencias, destacándose el temor a la muerte de un familiar o enfermad gravemente. Se concluye que existe una tendencia a percibir el covid-19 como una enfermad que pone en riesgo la vida propia y los demás, sin embargo, se presentan dificultades relacionadas con conductas de protección que reduzcan la probabilidad de contagio.
The objective of this research was to determine the levels of risk perception of the covid-19 virus. The study was carried out with a sample of 148 psychology students of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. A scale was applied: Risk Perception against covid-19, which was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that most of the participants have a high and medium risk perception of the disease and its consequences, especially the fear of death of a family member or serious illness. It is concluded that there is a tendency to perceive covid-19 as a disease that puts one's own life and the lives of others at risk; however, there are difficulties related to protective behaviors that reduce the probability of contagion.
O objectivo desta investigação era determinar os níveis de percepção de risco em relação ao vírus covid-19. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de 148 estudantes de psicologia da Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolívia. Foi aplicada uma escala: Percepção do Risco em frente da covid-19, que foi sujeita a uma análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos participantes tem uma percepção de risco elevado e médio da doença e das suas consequências, destacando-se o medo da morte de um membro da família ou de uma doença grave. Conclui-se que existe uma tendência para perceber a covid-19 como uma doença que coloca a própria vida e a vida dos outros em risco; contudo, existem dificuldades relacionadas com comportamentos protectores que reduzem a probabilidade de contágio.
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Background: Primary health centre (PHC) is a basic health unit to provide an integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural population as close to the people as possible, with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care.Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Belagavi district of Karnataka in India. Twenty PHCs, two PHCs from each of the 10 talukas of Belagavi district were selected by simple random sampling. The study period was from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2014. Data was collected using a predesigned and structured questionnaire for IPHS facility survey.Results: In this study, only 60% of primary health centres covered the population as per the IPHS norms. All the PHCs were providing the regular outpatient department (OPD) services, referral services, antenatal care, family planning and in-patient services. Bed occupancy rate was less than 40% in 55% of PHCs. Building area in 75% of PHCs were inadequate according to IPHS norms. Residential facility for staff was available only in half of the studied PHCs.Conclusions: IPHS guidelines were not fully being followed at PHC level in the district. Though the requirement of medical officers and pharmacists was fulfilled in almost all the PHCs, deficiency was seen in the appointing of Ayush doctors and staff nurses at PHCs. There is an urgent need of recruiting the deficient staff for efficient functioning of the PHCs.
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Background: Setting standards are a dynamic process. To provide quality care at sub-centers (SC), Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) standards are prescribed by Government of India. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the availability of health services provided by SCs of Vadodara district. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study carried out at SCs of Primary Health Centres (PHCs) using IPHS standards as a checklist. The assessment was made by visiting 40 SCs of Vadodara district in Gujarat by a single observer. Descriptive statistics were used to present data. Results: About 36 (90%) of the SCs were located within the village and 38 (95%) SCs were easily accessible. The median distance of SC from PHC was 6 km. About 72.5% of SCs were having designated government building. About 52.5% SCs had a residential facility for frontline health workers. Availability for most of the drugs was very poor (below 25% age). Records of oral contraceptive pills usages were available in 34 (85%) of the SCs. The antenatal care services were improved by up to 25% in 10 SCs, while it was decreased to 25% in 13 SCs. Conclusion: The gaps existed in the availability of facilities and its standards at sub-centers. The availability of physical infrastructure and furniture was poor. There was worsening of the performance indicators in the majority of the components as compared to previous year records.
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Objective@#To investigate the application and effectiveness evaluation of the standard of GBZ/T 229.2-2010 in practice, and to explore the applicability, aiming to provide technical evidence for the re-vision of GBZ/T 229.2-2010.@*Methods@#There were 2 questionnaire surveys carried out in the study, including general survey and specific survey. Databases were established and data were input with Excel 2010 and Epi-data version 3.1 software. SPSS version 19.0 software was used for data cleaning and statistical analysis.@*Results@#In total, the general survey received 100 questionnaires, with 59 from occupational health technical ser-vice organizations held by government, and 11 from colleges and universities. The leading three jobs using GBZ/T 229.2-2010 were the occupational hazards evaluation for constructive project (65.0%), lecturing/train-ing (50.0%), occupational hazards monitoring (43.0%), respectively. In the results of feasibility, scores of the fourth part "classification" , the fifth part "the principles of classification management" , annex A "the correct use instructions" were 3.4, 3.3, 3.5 respectively. In total, the specific survey received 27 questionnaires, with 18 from the employers and 9 from occupational health technical service organizations. The awareness rate of GBZ/T 229.2-2010 among occupational health professionals was 72.2%. In the results of feasibility, scores of the level of chemical hazards, occupational exposure ratio, physical labor intensity level, classification of expo-sure to industrial toxicants, principles of classification management, annex A "the correct use instructions" were 3.2, 3.7, 4.3, 4.1, 3.2, 3.2, respectively@*Conclusions@#The results indicates that each part of GBZ/T 229.2-2010 is feasible and practical. But there are still some problems, such as classification of different kinds of chemicals at workplace, and the interaction of occupational exposure to chemicals and other hazards at work-place, etc. We suggest that in the revision of GBZ/T 229.2-2010, the action level of hazards should be clear.
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Objective@#To investigate the application and effectiveness evaluation of the standard of GBZ/T 229.1-2010 in practice, and to explore the applicability, aiming to provide technical evidence for the revision of GBZ/T 229.1-2010.@*Methods@#There were 2 questionnaire surveys carried out in the study, including general survey and specific survey. Databases were established and data were input with Excel 2010 and Epidata version 3.1 software. SPSS version 19.0 software was used for data cleaning and statistical analysis.@*Results@#The general survey received 100 questionnaires, with 43 from facilities and 57 from professional expertise. There were 59 questionnaires from occupational health technical service organizations held by government, and 11 from colleges and universities. The leading three jobs using GBZ/T 229.1-2010 were the occupational hazards evaluation for constructive project (69.0%) , lecturing/training (55.0%) , occupational hazards monitoring (50.0%) , respectively. The high frequency used contents of GBZ/T 229.1-2010 were the fourth part "classification" (67.0%) , the fifth part "the principles of classification management" (59.0%) , annex A "the correct use instructions" (52.0%) , respectively. In the results of feasibility, scores of the fourth part "classification" , the fifth part "the principles of classification management" , annex A "the correct use instructions" were 3.07, 3.03, 3.23, respectively. The parts needed to be modified as priories were the fourth part "classification" (22.0%) , the fifth part "the principles of classification management" (13.0%) , annex A "the correct use instructions" (12.0%) . The specific survey received 15 questionnaires, with 12 from the employers and 3 from occupational health technical service organizations. The awareness rate of GBZ/T 229.1-2010 among occupational health professionals was 83.3%. Classification results in the employers were used for guidance on improvement measures (66.7%) , health surveillance and monitoring (58.3%) , certification for occupational health and safety management system (33.3%) , occupational disease diagnosis (33.3%) , and personal protective equipment issued (33.3%) , etc. In the results of feasibility, scores of the content of free SiO2, occupational exposure ratio, physical labor intensity level, classification of industrial dust, principles of classification management, annex A "the correct use instructions" were 5.00, 4.33, 5.00, 5.00, 3.67, 3.67, respectively.@*Conclusion@#GBZ/T 229.1-2010 indicates that the standard is feasible and practical. But there are still some problems, such as classification of different kinds of industrial dusts at workplace, and the interaction of occupational exposure to industrial dusts and other hazards at workplace, etc.
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Background: The Government of India is increasingly emphasizing the provisioning of dental services in public hospitals, but the rural and deprived sections are struggling to get basic dental procedures done in public hospitals. Aim: To study variations within and across public hospitals for provisioning of dental health settings in Jalandhar district of Punjab. Settings and Design: The study area consisted of four Community Health Centers (CHCs) and District Hospital situated in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. Materials and Methods: The dental infrastructure and dental procedures performed in the public hospital were checked with the help of a checklist as listed in the Indian Public Health Standards 2012 for CHCs and district hospital, and then, the variations within and across these public hospitals were compared. Statistical Analysis: Percentages were used to make comparisons within and across the public health institutions. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that out of total outpatient department (OPD) of the public hospitals, dental OPD formed 5%–10% in public hospitals and extraction was the most frequently performed procedure. There is no availability of prosthodontic and orthodontic procedures in the public hospitals. There were no dental auxiliaries in the CHCs, and there was lack of proper dental materials needed in the dental clinics.
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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de los 315 pacientes con sepsis intrahospitalaria en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, de enero a septiembre del 2011, con vistas a determinar la situación de ese proceso morboso, a través de algunas variables de interés, tales como: número de afectados con sepsis según el servicio hospitalario, tasa que representaban, localización de la sepsis, mapa microbiológico, entre otras. Sobre la base de los resultados, pudo concluirse que existían un subregistro en la notificación de las infecciones intrahospitalarias y deficiencias en el cumplimiento de las normas higiénico-epidemiológicas. A fin de reducir o eliminar algunos elementos que pueden causar sepsis, se recomendó que debieran realizarse estrategias de intervención en dicha institución de salud.
A descriptive, retrospective and cross sectional study was carried out in 315 patients with nosocomial sepsis in "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" General Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from January to September 2011, to determine the status of the morbid process through some variables of interest, such as number of people affected with sepsis according to the hospital service, rate that they represented, location of sepsis, microbiological map, among others. Based on the results, it could be concluded that there was an underreporting of nosocomial infections and deficiencies in the observance of epidemiological health standards. To reduce or eliminate some elements that can cause sepsis, intervention strategies were recommended in this health institution.
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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are defined as diseases of long duration, and are generally slow in progression. NCDs are replacing communicable diseases, maternal and child health as well as malnutrition as the leading cause of death. Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death in the world, responsible for 63% deaths worldwide in 2008. NCDs accounts for 53 percent of deaths in India. Based on available evidence cardiovascular diseases (24 percent), chronic respiratory diseases (11 percent), cancer (6 percent) and diabetes (2 percent) are the leading cause of mortality in India. Treatment cost is almost double for NCDs as compared to other conditions and illnesses. Burden of non-communicable diseases and resultants mortality is expected to increase unless massive efforts are made to prevent and control NCDs and their risk factors. India could develop a strategy for reducing out of pocket expenditure. Underlying determinants of NCDs mainly exist in non-health sectors, such as agriculture, urban development, education and trade. Inter-sectoral collaboration is therefore essential to create an enabling environment. Government of India had launched various vertical programmes such as National Cancer Control Programmes, National Tobacco Control Programme, National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stroke (NPCDCS) etc. Strong surveillance, monitoring and evaluation system is required for successful implementation of the programmes. Public health facilities should be strengthened for providing services of screening; early diagnosis and treatment within the public health care delivery system. Efforts need to be done on implementing the clinical standards and guidelines developed under the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS), and integrating NCD training into training curricula of health workforce.
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The main objective of the study is to identify the availability of infrastructure facility, human resources, investigative services, and facility based newborn care services with respect to Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) at community health centers (CHC) of Bharatpur District of Rajasthan State. Data were collected from service providers at CHC through well structured questionnaire at thirteen CHCs situated at Bharatpur District of Rajasthan State. It was found that infrastructure facilities were available in almost all the CHCs, but shortage of manpower especially specialists was observed. Availability of investigative services was found quite satisfactory except ECG. It was also observed that none of the CHCs have fully equipped facility based newborn care services (including newborn corner and newborn care stabilization unit). As per IPHS suggested in the revised draft (2010) important deficiencies were revealed in the studied CHCs of Bharatpur district and by additional inputs such as recruiting staff, improving infrastructure facilities, CHCs can be upgraded.
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National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has provided the opportunities to develop a standard for Sub centers, PHCs and CHCs in the country, popularly known as Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS). The study was carried out to find out and compare to what extent the IPHS were followed by the PHCs in the selected districts of both the Empowered Action Group (EAG) state of Assam and non EAG state of Karnataka. It was a Cross sectional observational study conducted during September-October 2008 where the quality of care and services provided in the selected PHCs as per the IPHS norms was assessed. All the PHCs in both the studied districts were rendering the assured services of OPD, 24hrs general emergency service and referral services while 24 hour delivery services were being provided by 80% of the PHCs of the selected districts of both the states. Functional labor rooms were available only in 80% and 90% of the studied PHCs in Assam and Karnataka respectively. Basic laboratory facilities, for routine blood, urine and stool examination were available in 80% of the studied PHCs in the non-EAG state of Karnataka while it was only in 20% of the studied PHCs of the EAG state of Assam. The findings of the present study revealed important deficiencies as per IPHS norms in the studied PHCs of both Assam and Karnataka.
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Objectif: L'évaluation de la qualité des soins et services dans la pyramide sanitaire est indispensable et intégrable aux normes et standards de santé des centres hospitaliers. Le but de ce travail est d'apprécier la qualité des soins et services à la Clinique d'Urologie et d'Andrologie de Cotonou. Matériel et méthodes: Le matériel d'étude utilisé est constitué par l'équipement et les prestataires de services de la Clinique d'Urologie et d'Andrologie du CHU Hubert MAGA de Cotonou. La méthode d'étude est rétrospective. La période couverte va du 1er Janvier 2001 au 31 Décembre 2002. L'hypothèse à corréler est « l'amélioration de la qualité des soins et services passe par l'évaluation des services ». Les variables étudiées sont celles du référentiel de l'OMS. Résultats: Les normes et standards évalués à la clinique d'Urologie et d'Andrologie du CHU Hubert MAGA de Cotonou affichent des indicateurs de satisfaction variable. Les indicateurs à améliorer sont les infrastructures (44%< S <72%), le matériel médico-technique (S=75%) et l'utilisation du service (S= 50%). Les autres ont un score 65%<S<100% jugés satisfaisants. Discussion: Les normes et standards évalués sont ceux du référentiel de l'OMS. Ainsi, l'équipement dénote d'une insuffisance d'infrastructure, de matériel médico-technique, de médicaments et de consommables. La performance du personnel est satisfaisante pour sa disponibilité et sa compétence technique. L'efficacité est moyenne quant à l'utilisation de services et suffisante pour les résultats de l'évolution. L'efficience est également moyenne quant au taux d'utilisation du bloc opératoire et à la productivité. L'organisation du service est satisfaisante dans son mécanisme de gestion et dans son organisation opérationnelle. La collaboration interpersonnelle est excellente entre prestataires et utilisateurs de services. L'hygiène est satisfaisante, l'hébergement est acceptable. La restauration répond à l'attente des utilisateurs et des prestataires. Conclusion: Tous les aspects des normes et standards de santé ne sont pas abordés. Les résultats obtenus sont propres au service, à son orientation future dans la stratégie et la tactique de l'assurance qualité de soins. Oui, les normes et standards influencent la qualité des soins et services